Hopfield Neural Networks (HNNs) constitute a class of recurrent neural networks that function as associative memory systems, adept at converging towards stable states that represent optimised ...

In a previous article, we explored the Strong Artificial Intelligence Hypothesis, first presenting a low-level description based on the notion of a neural network (bottom-up framework). In this work, ...

When engineers build AI language models like GPT-5 from training data, at least two major processing features emerge: memorization (reciting exact text they’ve seen before, like famous quotes or ...

Researchers have devised a way to make computer vision systems more efficient by building networks out of computer chips’ logic gates. Networks programmed directly into computer chip hardware can ...

James Chen, CMT is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Andy Smith is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP®), licensed realtor and educator with over 35 years of diverse ...